The background movement of Pakistan is a series of significant events and movements that played a crucial role in shaping the demand for a separate Muslim homeland. These movements were driven by various socio-political factors and led to the eventual establishment of Pakistan as an independent nation for Muslims of the Indian subcontinent. Some of the key events and movements include:
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Aligarh Movement (Late 19th and Early 20th Century)
The Aligarh Movement, spearheaded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, was a prominent educational and socio-political reform movement among the Muslims of British India. It aimed to modernize and uplift the Muslim community by promoting education, rational thinking, and English language skills. The Aligarh Muslim University, founded in 1875, became a symbol of this movement.
Partition of Bengal (1905)
The Partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British colonial authorities triggered significant protests and opposition from the Muslim community. The partition aimed to create two provinces, East Bengal and Assam, with a Muslim majority, and West Bengal with a Hindu majority. The Muslims feared that the partition would weaken their political representation and influence, leading to widespread protests against the decision.
Simla Deputation (1906)
In response to the Partition of Bengal and the perceived marginalization of Muslims in the political process, the Simla Deputation took place in 1906. A group of Muslim leaders, led by Aga Khan and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, met with Viceroy Lord Minto to present the demands of the Muslim community. The delegation requested separate electorates for Muslims, ensuring adequate representation and protection of their rights.
Establishment of the All-India Muslim League (1906)
The All-India Muslim League was formed in Dhaka in December 1906, as a political organization to represent the interests and aspirations of Indian Muslims. The party aimed to safeguard Muslim rights and promote communal harmony in British India.
Minto-Morley Reforms (1909)
The Minto-Morley Reforms, also known as the Indian Councils Act of 1909, introduced limited electoral reforms in British India. These reforms granted separate electorates for Muslims, giving them a separate identity in the political process. It was a significant development in recognizing the political rights of Muslims as a distinct community.
Lucknow Pact
The Lucknow Pact was an important agreement signed on December 21, 1916, between the All-India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress. It was a significant step towards Hindu-Muslim unity and cooperation in the Indian nationalist movement. The main provisions of the pact included separate electorates for Muslims, an increased representation of Muslims in the legislatures, and cooperation between the two major political parties in the struggle for greater self-rule in India.
Khilafat Movement
The Khilafat Movement was a pan-Islamic movement launched by Indian Muslims in the early 1920s to protest against the unjust treatment of the Ottoman Caliphate by the Allied Powers after World War I. Indian Muslims felt a strong religious and emotional connection with the Ottoman Caliph, who was also the spiritual leader of the Muslim world. The movement was led by the Ali Brothers (Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Shaukat Ali) and Mahatma Gandhi. It aimed to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, promote Hindu-Muslim unity, and demand greater political rights for Indians from the British colonial rulers.
Non-Cooperation Movement
The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 as a response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and other repressive measures of the British government. The movement called for Indians to non-cooperate with British authorities in various ways, such as boycotting British goods, resigning from government posts, and refusing to attend British-run institutions. The movement aimed to exert pressure on the British and gain greater self-governance for India. Although it was called off in 1922, it played a crucial role in galvanizing the Indian masses and instilling a sense of unity and nationalism.
Hijrat Movement
The Hijrat Movement was a series of migrations of Muslims from British India to Afghanistan during the 1920s. The movement was triggered by political and economic discontent among some Indian Muslims, who sought refuge in Afghanistan due to the deteriorating political situation in India. However, the movement faced many challenges, and most migrants eventually returned to India.
Nehru Report
The Nehru Report was a constitutional proposal presented by the Indian National Congress in 1928. It was prepared by a committee headed by Motilal Nehru and aimed to provide a framework for India’s future governance. The report demanded dominion status for India within the British Commonwealth, responsible government, adult suffrage, and the protection of minority rights. However, it was met with opposition from some sections of Indian society, particularly Muslims, who felt that it did not adequately safeguard their political interests.
14 Points of Quaid-e-Azam
The 14 Points of Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, were a set of demands presented in 1929 on behalf of the All-India Muslim League. These points aimed to protect the political rights and interests of Muslims in British India and played a significant role in shaping the demand for a separate Muslim-majority nation, which eventually led to the creation of Pakistan. Here are the full 14 Points:
Federal System: India should be a federation of autonomous units with residuary powers vested in the provinces.
Provincial Autonomy: The provinces should have full autonomy and legislative powers, and the Central Government should only handle matters of national importance.
Muslim Majority Provinces: The provinces with a Muslim majority, namely Punjab, Bengal, Sind, and the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), should be given adequate representation in the Central Legislature.
Separate Electorates: Muslims should have separate electorates to ensure adequate representation and safeguard their political rights.
Weightage in Representation: In areas where Muslims were in a minority, they should have reserved seats and weightage to maintain their political influence.
Minority Rights: All minorities, including Muslims, should have their cultural and educational rights protected.
Religious Freedom: Full religious freedom should be guaranteed to all communities, and no law should be enacted that goes against the religious beliefs and practices of any community.
Islamic Law: Muslims should have the freedom to follow and implement Islamic law (Sharia) in their personal matters.
Sindh’s Separation: Sindh should be separated from Bombay Presidency and made an independent province.
NWFP and Baluchistan Autonomy: The NWFP and Baluchistan should have full autonomy and legislative powers.
No Legislation Without Consent: No constitutional changes should be made without the consent of all major communities, including Muslims.
Indian Council Representation: The Indian Council should be abolished, and the Central Legislature should have full responsibility for all legislations.
British Indian Dominion: India should be given dominion status within the British Commonwealth, with full control over its internal and external affairs.
Defense and Treaty Arrangements: The Central Government should control defense, but any treaty arrangements should not be made without the consent of the provinces.
The 14 Points of Quaid-e-Azam provided the basis for the Muslim League’s future demands and negotiations with the British and Indian National Congress. They represented the aspirations of Muslims in India for political rights, representation, and the protection of their culture and religious beliefs. These points eventually played a crucial role in the struggle for the creation of Pakistan as a separate Muslim-majority nation.
Allahabad Address (1930)
The Allahabad Address was a significant speech delivered by Allama Muhammad Iqbal, a prominent poet, philosopher, and politician, on December 29, 1930, at the annual session of the All-India Muslim League held in Allahabad. In this address, Iqbal presented the idea of a separate Muslim state in British India and laid the foundation for the demand for Pakistan. He emphasized the importance of Muslim unity and urged the Muslims to work towards the establishment of an independent Muslim state to safeguard their rights and interests.
Government of India Act of 1935
The Government of India Act, 1935 was a major constitutional reform enacted by the British Parliament to introduce limited self-government in British India. The Act proposed to establish provincial autonomy and provided for the establishment of federal structures. It introduced a bicameral legislature with the central government and provincial governments having separate powers and responsibilities. However, the Act also faced opposition from various political parties, including the All-India Muslim League, as it did not fully meet the demands of the Muslims for adequate representation and safeguards for their rights.
Lahore Resolution (1940)
The Lahore Resolution, also known as the Pakistan Resolution, was passed on March 23, 1940, during the annual session of the All-India Muslim League in Lahore. The resolution was presented by Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Huq and seconded by Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman. It called for the creation of independent states for Muslims in northwestern and eastern regions of British India. The Lahore Resolution laid the foundation for the demand for Pakistan and played a crucial role in the eventual creation of Pakistan on August 14, 1947.
Text of Lahore Resolution
“Resolved that it is the considered view of this Session of the All-India Muslim League that no constitutional plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic principles, viz., that geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary, that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority, as in the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India, should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign.”
Cripps Mission (1942)
The Cripps Mission was a delegation sent to India in 1942 by the British government, led by Sir Stafford Cripps, to propose a constitutional framework for India’s post-war political structure. The mission aimed to secure Indian cooperation in the war effort and offer the promise of full dominion status for India once the war was over. However, the Cripps Mission failed to gain the support of Indian political parties, including the All-India Muslim League, as it did not meet the demand for immediate independence and lacked adequate safeguards for minority rights.
The Cripps Mission, also known as the Cabinet Mission, arrived in India in March 1942 during World War II. It was led by Sir Stafford Cripps, a senior British politician, and aimed to find a solution to India’s constitutional issues and secure Indian cooperation in the war effort. The proposals of the Cripps Mission were outlined in the Cripps Mission Plan, which included the following main points:
Dominion Status: The Cripps Mission offered India the promise of attaining Dominion status, which meant that India would be granted the same constitutional status as other self-governing Dominions within the British Commonwealth (e.g., Canada, Australia, New Zealand). This status would allow India to have its own government, independent of British interference, but still be a part of the Commonwealth.
Indian Union: The plan proposed the creation of an Indian Union comprising British India and the princely states. The Indian Union would be based on the principles of federalism, with a central government responsible for defense, foreign affairs, and communications, and provincial governments with significant powers in their respective regions.
Constituent Assembly: A Constituent Assembly would be convened to draft India’s new constitution, and it would have representatives from British India and the princely states. The members of the assembly would be elected by the provincial legislatures and the rulers of the princely states.
Right to Secede: The princely states were given the option to join the Indian Union or remain independent. They were also given the right to accede to either India or Pakistan once those states were established.
Safeguards for Minorities: The Cripps Mission Plan proposed that any future constitution for India would include adequate safeguards for minority communities to protect their political, religious, and cultural rights.
Despite its efforts, the Cripps Mission did not succeed in gaining the acceptance of Indian political parties, including the All-India Muslim League, and failed to resolve India’s constitutional issues. The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, rejected the plan as it did not guarantee the immediate creation of Pakistan and did not provide sufficient safeguards for Muslim rights and representation. The mission eventually left India in April 1942 without achieving its intended objectives.
Simla Conference and Elections: The Simla Conference was held in June 1945 to discuss and find a solution to the constitutional deadlock in India. The main focus was on the formation of a representative Executive Council to share the governance with British officials. However, the conference failed to reach a consensus, and elections were eventually held in 1945-46 for the provincial legislatures. The elections saw the Indian National Congress emerging as the single largest party.
Cabinet Mission Plan 1946: The Cabinet Mission Plan, also known as the Cabinet Mission Plan for India, was proposed by the British government in 1946. It aimed to resolve the constitutional issues in India and transfer power to Indian hands. The plan proposed the creation of a united India with a federal structure. It suggested the establishment of an interim government comprising representatives from both the Congress and the Muslim League, and the drafting of a new constitution by a Constituent Assembly.
Direct Action Day: Direct Action Day was observed on August 16, 1946, by the Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The day was marked by widespread communal violence and rioting in Calcutta (now Kolkata), resulting in the deaths of thousands of people. The event further escalated communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims and added to the complexity of the partition process.
Interim Government: The Interim Government of India was formed in September 1946 under the Cabinet Mission Plan. It was a transitional government that included members of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, and other parties. Jawaharlal Nehru became the Prime Minister, and Liaquat Ali Khan served as the Deputy Prime Minister. The Interim Government played a significant role in the process leading to the independence and partition of India.
3rd June 1947 Plan: On June 3, 1947, the British government announced the Mountbatten Plan, also known as the 3rd June Plan. The plan proposed the partition of British India into two separate nations – India and Pakistan. It granted independence to both countries on August 15, 1947. The provinces were given the choice to join either India or Pakistan based on their majority population. The partition led to widespread communal violence and mass migration, resulting in one of the largest human displacements in history.
The Indian Independence Bill 1947: The Indian Independence Bill, also known as the Indian Independence Act 1947, was passed by the British Parliament in July 1947. It was the legislation that granted independence to India and Pakistan and marked the end of British rule in the subcontinent. The Act provided for the partition of British India into two separate dominions – India and Pakistan – which were to come into existence on August 15, 1947.
Radcliffe Award: The Radcliffe Award refers to the boundary demarcation exercise conducted by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a British lawyer, to define the borders between India and Pakistan after the partition. The Radcliffe Line, which was the result of this award, divided the provinces of Punjab and Bengal into two parts – one for India and the other for Pakistan. The boundary demarcation was hasty, and the partition resulted in significant violence and mass migrations as people on both sides of the border were forced to leave their homes.
Dawn of Independence: The “Dawn of Independence” refers to the momentous occasion of India and Pakistan gaining independence from British colonial rule on August 15, 1947. On this day, the two separate dominions were officially established, marking the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the Indian subcontinent. Jawaharlal Nehru became the Prime Minister of India, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the Governor-General of Pakistan.
Role of Quaid e Azam in Making Pakistan
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah played a pivotal role in the making of Pakistan. His leadership, vision, and determination were instrumental in shaping the course of the Pakistan Movement and ultimately achieving the creation of Pakistan as an independent nation for Muslims of British India. Here are 13 key roles he played in the making of Pakistan:
Founder of Pakistan: Quaid-e-Azam is widely recognized as the founder of Pakistan. He tirelessly advocated for a separate nation for Muslims, which eventually led to the creation of Pakistan on August 14, 1947.
Leader of Muslim League: Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan’s independence. Under his guidance, the Muslim League became the primary political platform for Muslims in India.
The Two-Nation Theory: Quaid-e-Azam eloquently articulated the Two-Nation Theory, emphasizing that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations with different cultures, histories, and interests. He argued that they could not coexist under a single unified India.
Lahore Resolution: Jinnah played a key role in formulating and presenting the Lahore Resolution on March 23, 1940. The resolution demanded the creation of independent Muslim-majority states in the northwest and eastern regions of British India.
Negotiations with the British: Throughout the negotiations with the British government, Jinnah represented the interests of the Muslim community and worked towards securing their rights and a separate homeland.
Direct Action Day: On August 16, 1946, Quaid-e-Azam declared Direct Action Day to assert Muslim rights and demand a separate state. Though it resulted in communal violence, it strengthened the demand for Pakistan.
Tireless Advocacy: Jinnah tirelessly advocated for the rights of Muslims in British India and insisted on a fair representation for Muslims in the governance and administration of the country.
Negotiations with Congress: Jinnah engaged in discussions with the Indian National Congress leaders and the British government to find a political solution that would address the concerns of Muslims.
Unity Among Muslims: Quaid-e-Azam worked to unite Muslims across different regions and cultural backgrounds, emphasizing the importance of a united front in the struggle for Pakistan.
Legal and Constitutional Expertise: Jinnah’s legal and constitutional expertise were crucial in negotiating the terms and details of Pakistan’s creation, including the partition plan.
Leadership During Communal Riots: During the partition and the subsequent communal riots, Jinnah urged for peace and tried to protect the lives and properties of both Muslims and Hindus.
Acceptance of Partition: Jinnah eventually accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan and the partition of India, understanding that it was the best way to secure a separate state for Muslims.
First Governor-General: After Pakistan’s creation, Quaid-e-Azam became its first Governor-General, providing strong and principled leadership during the early days of the new nation.
Overall, Quaid-e-Azam’s unwavering commitment to the cause of Pakistan, his political acumen, and his leadership skills were essential in achieving the dream of a separate homeland for Muslims in the subcontinent.
Early Problems of Pakistan
After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the newly independent nation faced several early challenges and problems. Some of the major issues that Pakistan encountered in its initial years include:
Partition and Mass Migration: The partition of British India into India and Pakistan led to one of the largest mass migrations in history. Millions of people from both sides of the border were forced to leave their homes and move to their respective new countries, resulting in communal violence and widespread displacement.
Refugees and Displaced Persons: The large influx of refugees and displaced persons created a humanitarian crisis in Pakistan. The government had to provide assistance and resources to accommodate and rehabilitate the refugees.
Kashmir Conflict: The dispute over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became a major issue between India and Pakistan, leading to the first Indo-Pakistani War in 1947-1948. The conflict over Kashmir continues to be a source of tension between the two countries.
Administrative and Institutional Challenges: As a new nation, Pakistan had to establish its administrative and institutional framework from scratch. Building a functional government, bureaucracy, judiciary, and other institutions was a formidable task.
Economic Struggles: Pakistan inherited an underdeveloped and economically backward region at the time of its creation. The country faced economic challenges such as poverty, lack of industrialization, and an agrarian economy.
Division of Assets and Liabilities: The division of assets and liabilities between India and Pakistan was a complex and contentious process, which led to disputes over the division of resources.
Influx of Refugees from Bangladesh: After the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Pakistan faced another refugee crisis as millions of Bengalis from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) fled to the western part of the country.
Political Instability: Pakistan experienced frequent changes in government and political instability during its early years. The country faced difficulties in forming stable governments and maintaining political consensus.
Language Issue: The language controversy over whether Urdu or Bengali should be the national language resulted in tensions and eventually contributed to the secession of East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh in 1971.
Integration of Princely States: The integration of various princely states into Pakistan required careful negotiations and diplomatic efforts.
Despite these challenges, Pakistan persevered and made progress in various fields. The nation’s leaders and people worked together to address these early problems and build the foundations of a young and developing country.
Quaid e Azam as the Governor-General of Pakistan
As the Governor-General of Pakistan from August 15, 1947, until his death on September 11, 1948, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah played a crucial role in shaping the newly independent country and achieving some significant milestones. Here are some of his key roles and achievements during his tenure:
Nation Building and Unity: Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah worked tirelessly to promote national unity and forge a cohesive identity for Pakistan’s diverse population. He emphasized the importance of a united nation based on the principles of democracy, equality, and social justice.
Constitution Making: Jinnah initiated the process of drafting Pakistan’s first constitution. He appointed a Constituent Assembly to draft and adopt the country’s constitution, which laid the foundation for Pakistan’s governance and institutional framework.
Vision of a Secular and Inclusive State: Despite being a Muslim-majority country, Jinnah envisioned Pakistan as a state where all citizens, regardless of their religion, would have equal rights and opportunities. He advocated for a secular and inclusive state that would protect the rights of all minorities.
Establishment of Government Institutions: As the head of state, Jinnah played a vital role in establishing and strengthening the government institutions of Pakistan. He worked to set up a functional bureaucracy, judiciary, and administrative machinery to run the country effectively.
Diplomatic Engagements: Quaid-e-Azam actively engaged in diplomatic efforts to establish Pakistan’s position in the international community. He represented Pakistan in various international forums and forged diplomatic ties with other nations.
Leadership during Kashmir Conflict: Jinnah led Pakistan’s stance on the Kashmir issue, advocating for the right of self-determination for the people of Jammu and Kashmir. His support for the Kashmir cause put the issue on the international stage.
Handling Refugee Crisis: In the aftermath of partition, Pakistan faced a massive refugee crisis. Jinnah provided support and assistance to the millions of refugees who migrated to Pakistan, working to alleviate their suffering and resettling them.
Promotion of Education and Women’s Rights: Jinnah emphasized the importance of education and women’s empowerment in nation-building. He encouraged the development of educational institutions and advocated for women’s participation in the socio-political life of the country.
Economic Policies: Jinnah’s government initiated economic policies aimed at promoting industrialization, agrarian reform, and economic development in the country.
Speech at the Constituent Assembly: One of Jinnah’s most iconic speeches was delivered on August 11, 1947, to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. In this speech, he outlined his vision for Pakistan as a democratic, tolerant, and progressive state.
Despite his short tenure as Governor-General, Quaid-e-Azam’s visionary leadership and dedication to the principles of democracy, equality, and social justice laid the foundation for Pakistan’s early years as an independent nation. His legacy continues to inspire generations of Pakistanis to work towards a prosperous and inclusive Pakistan.
Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan
As the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan made several significant achievements during his tenure. Here are some of his key accomplishments:
Consolidation of Pakistan’s Independence: Liaquat Ali Khan played a crucial role in consolidating Pakistan’s newly gained independence. He worked to establish the country’s identity on the international stage and solidify its position as a sovereign nation.
Economic Policies: One of Liaquat Ali Khan’s main priorities was the economic development of Pakistan. He introduced various economic reforms to stabilize the economy, promote industrialization, and address the challenges of the post-independence period.
Land Reforms: Liaquat Ali Khan’s government initiated land reforms to address the issue of land distribution and provide land to landless farmers. The reforms aimed to reduce the concentration of land ownership and promote equitable land distribution.
Industrialization and Trade: The Prime Minister focused on promoting industrialization in Pakistan to boost the country’s economic growth. He encouraged foreign investment and trade, aiming to enhance Pakistan’s industrial and economic capacity.
Foreign Policy: Liaquat Ali Khan was actively involved in Pakistan’s foreign policy matters. He worked to establish diplomatic relations with other countries and represented Pakistan in various international forums.
Support for Kashmir Cause: Liaquat Ali Khan was a strong advocate for the rights of the people of Kashmir. He supported their right to self-determination and raised the issue of Kashmir in international forums.
Liaquat-Nehru Pact: In 1950, Liaquat Ali Khan signed the Liaquat-Nehru Pact with India, which aimed to protect the rights of religious minorities in both countries and ensure their security.
Education and Social Welfare: The government under Liaquat Ali Khan’s leadership focused on promoting education and social welfare programs. Efforts were made to improve access to education and provide basic healthcare services to the population.
Role in the Islamic World: Liaquat Ali Khan actively engaged with other Muslim countries and played a prominent role in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and other international Islamic forums.
Efforts for Regional Stability: The Prime Minister worked to maintain regional stability and good relations with neighboring countries. He sought to resolve disputes through peaceful means and promote cooperation in the region.
Liaquat Ali Khan’s leadership during the early years of Pakistan’s independence laid the foundation for the country’s development and progress. His dedication to economic growth, social welfare, and foreign policy diplomacy significantly contributed to the nation-building process in Pakistan.
Objective Resolution
The Objective Resolution was a significant constitutional document adopted by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on March 12, 1949. It laid down the guiding principles and objectives that would shape the future constitution and governance of Pakistan. The resolution was moved by Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, and was unanimously adopted by the assembly.
Key Points of the Objective Resolution
Sovereignty Belongs to Allah: The resolution declared that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah alone, and He is the source of all authority and power.
Supremacy of the Constitution: It emphasized that the constitution of Pakistan shall draw its authority and power from the people, as ordained by Allah, and it shall be the supreme law of the land.
Islamic Principles: The resolution declared that the state of Pakistan shall exercise its powers and authority within the limits prescribed by Islam as enunciated in the Holy Quran and Sunnah (the practices and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad).
Equal Rights for All Citizens: The resolution reaffirmed the commitment to safeguarding the rights of minorities and ensuring that the principles of social and economic justice, as laid down by Islam, are upheld.
Promote Social Justice: It aimed to create an egalitarian society where the fundamental rights of the people are protected, and social, economic, and political justice is ensured.
Non-Discrimination: The resolution emphasized that the state shall treat all citizens equally, irrespective of their religion, caste, creed, or gender.
Freedom of Religion: It recognized and protected the rights of all citizens to freely profess, practice, and propagate their religion.
Independence of Judiciary: The resolution stressed the establishment of an independent and impartial judiciary to uphold the rule of law and ensure justice for all.
Significance of Objective Resolution
The Objective Resolution laid the foundation for the future constitution of Pakistan and set the country on the path of becoming an Islamic Republic. It provided a framework for the state to be guided by Islamic principles while ensuring equality and protection of the rights of all citizens. The resolution has been incorporated into the preamble of the current Constitution of Pakistan and serves as a guiding principle for the state’s governance and policies. It reflects the vision of Pakistan’s founding leaders to establish a democratic, just, and Islamic state.