Chapter 13 – Support and Movement in your 10th class Biology notes. In this chapter, we will embark on a captivating exploration of the remarkable mechanisms that enable living organisms to maintain their shape, move, and interact with their environment.
From the intricate skeletal framework that provides structural support to the intricate muscular system that allows for fluid motion, we will unravel the intricacies of how organisms achieve stability and mobility. So, let’s delve into the fascinating realm of support, movement, and the dynamic interplay between the skeletal and muscular systems that contribute to the awe-inspiring diversity of life’s movements.
Unit 13 Support and Movement Long Questions
Unit 13 Support and Movement MCQ’s
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Unit 13 Support and Movement Short Questions
What is the purpose of support for organisms with larger sizes?
Answer: The purpose of support for organisms with larger sizes is to keep their body mass as one unit, especially for organisms living on land.
What are the two types of movements discussed in the text?
Answer: The two types of movements discussed are movements of body parts and locomotion.
What is locomotion in the context of animal movement?
Answer: Locomotion refers to the movement of an animal as a whole from one place to another.
What is the skeletal system primarily responsible for?
Answer: The skeletal system is primarily responsible for providing physical support, attachment for skeletal muscles, and protection for the bodies of animals.
What is the difference between exoskeleton and endoskeleton?
Answer: Exoskeleton is found on the outside of the body, as seen in some invertebrates like arthropods, while endoskeleton is on the inside of the body, as seen in humans and other vertebrates.
What are the three types of cartilage?
Answer: The three types of cartilage are hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrous cartilage.
What is the hardest connective tissue in the body?
Answer: Bone is the hardest connective tissue in the body.
How many bones are present in the adult human skeleton?
Answer: The adult human skeleton has 206 hard bones.
What are the two components of bone and their characteristics?
Answer: The two components of bone are compact bone (hard outer layer) and spongy bone (soft and porous interior). Compact bone provides strength, while spongy bone contains blood vessels and bone marrow.
How is the human skeleton organized?
Answer: The human skeleton is organized into the axial skeleton (head and trunk) and the appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles).
How many bones are in the vertebral column?
Answer: The vertebral column contains 26 bones called vertebrae.
What is the purpose of the hyoid bone?
Answer: The hyoid bone is located in the neck and supports the tongue and provides attachment for certain muscles.
Who is credited for developing modern anatomical studies?
Answer: Andreas Vesalius is credited for developing modern anatomical studies.
What adaptations did mammals make to the lower jaw bones?
Answer: Mammals modified the lower jaw bones and incorporated four of them into the middle ear as malleus and incus, which improved hearing.
What is a joint?
Answer: A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact, allowing movement and providing mechanical support.
How are joints classified based on the degree of movement they allow?
Answer: Joints can be classified into immoveable (fixed) joints, slightly moveable joints, and moveable joints.
Give an example of an immoveable (fixed) joint.
Answer: The joints between the skull bones are examples of immoveable joints.
What type of movement is allowed by slightly moveable joints?
Answer: Slight movements are allowed by slightly moveable joints, such as the joints between the vertebrae.
What are hinge joints, and where are they found?
Answer: Hinge joints allow back-and-forth movement in one plane only. Examples include the knee and elbow joints.
Describe ball-and-socket joints and provide examples.
Answer: Ball-and-socket joints allow movement in all directions. Examples include the hip and shoulder joints.
What roles do tendons and ligaments play in the body?
Answer: Tendons are tough bands of connective tissue that attach muscles to bones and allow muscles to exert pulling forces on bones. Ligaments are strong but flexible bands that join bones to other bones at joints, preventing dislocation.
How does the neck joint between the vertebral column and the head allow movement?
Answer: The neck joint allows side-to-side movements.
What would have happened if the neck joint between the vertebral column and the head were a ball-and-socket joint?
Answer: It would have allowed movement in all directions.
Can muscles push or only pull?
Answer: Muscles can only pull or contract; they cannot push.
What kind of activities in the body require the combined action of several muscles?
Answer: Activities like standing, walking, running, playing, etc., require the combined action of several muscles.
What brings about movements in bones at joints?
Answer: The contractions of skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons.
What is the origin of a skeletal muscle?
Answer: The end of the muscle attached to an immovable bone.
What is the insertion of a skeletal muscle?
Answer: The end of the muscle attached to a movable bone.
What happens to a muscle when it’s stimulated by a nerve impulse?
Answer: It contracts, becoming shorter and thicker, which leads to movement.
What is the term for the phenomenon where muscles in an antagonistic pair perform opposite actions?
Answer: Antagonism or antagonistic action.
What is flexion in terms of muscle movement?
Answer: When a muscle contracts and bends a joint.
What is extension in terms of muscle movement?
Answer: When a muscle contracts and straightens a joint.
Which muscle is responsible for flexion at the elbow joint, and where is it located?
Answer: Biceps, located on the front of the upper arm bone.
Which muscle is responsible for extension at the elbow joint, and where is it located?
Answer: Triceps, located on the back of the arm.
When the biceps muscle contracts, what movement does it cause at the elbow joint?
Answer: Flexion, pulling the forearm (insertion end) upward.
When the triceps muscle contracts, what movement does it cause at the elbow joint?
Answer: Extension, pulling the forearm downward.
What do biceps and triceps muscles form in terms of their actions?
Answer: An antagonistic pair of muscles.
What point of attachment is pulled when a muscle contracts?
Answer: Insertion.
Describe the movement of biceps and triceps at the elbow joint.
Answer: When biceps contracts, it causes flexion by pulling the forearm upward. When triceps contracts, it causes extension by pulling the forearm downward.
Why do aquatic animals need less skeletal support than land animals of similar size?
Answer: Aquatic animals are buoyed up by water, which provides natural support, reducing the need for as much skeletal structure.
Question: What is osteoporosis?
Answer: Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone density due to the loss of calcium and phosphorus. It is more common in older adults, especially in older women.
Question: What factors can contribute to osteoporosis?
Answer: Osteoporosis can be caused by factors such as malnutrition (lack of proteins and Vitamin C), lack of physical activity, and deficiency of estrogen hormone. Estrogen hormone plays a role in depositing minerals in bones.
Question: Why does osteoporosis tend to affect older women more?
Answer: Osteoporosis is more common in older women because estrogen secretion decreases when the reproductive cycle stops, leading to decreased mineral deposition in bones.
Question: What is arthritis?
Answer: Arthritis refers to inflammation in joints, characterized by pain and stiffness in joints. It is common in old age and women.
Question: How is arthritis treated?
Answer: The treatment of arthritis involves the use of painkillers and anti-inflammatory medicines to manage pain and reduce inflammation in the joints.
Question: What is osteoarthritis?
Answer: Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis caused by degeneration in the cartilage present at joints or due to decreased lubricant production at joints. It can lead to fusion of bones at the joint and immobility.
Question: What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis involves inflammation of the membranes at joints. Symptoms include fatigue, low-grade fever, pain, and stiffness in joints.
Question: What is gout?
Answer: Gout is characterized by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in movable joints, often affecting toe joints.
Question: What are the main components of the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton of human?
Answer: The main components of the human skeletal system include the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
Axial Skeleton: This consists of 80 bones and is located in the head and trunk of the body. It includes the skull (cranial and facial bones), the vertebral column (26 vertebrae), the chest (sternum and 12 pairs of ribs), and the hyoid bone in the neck.
Appendicular Skeleton: This comprises 126 bones and is attached to the axial skeleton. It includes the pectoral (shoulder) girdle (4 bones), arms (6 bones in each arm), hands (54 bones in total), pelvic (hip) girdle (2 bones), legs (6 bones in each leg), and feet (54 bones in total).
Question: Describe the types of joints and give examples.
Answer: Types of joints and examples
Immoveable (Fixed) Joints: These joints allow no movement and are found between the skull bones.
Slightly Moveable Joints: These joints allow slight movements, such as the joints between vertebrae.
Moveable Joints: There are two main types of moveable joints: hinge joints and ball-and-socket joints.
Hinge Joints: These joints allow back-and-forth movements in one plane only. Examples include the knee and elbow joints.
Ball-and-Socket Joints: These joints allow movement in all directions. Examples include the hip and shoulder joints.
Question: What are ligaments and tendons? What function do they perform?
Answer: Ligaments and tendons are connective tissues that perform important functions in the body.
Ligaments: Ligaments are strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that connect bones to bones at joints. They help stabilize and reinforce joints, preventing dislocation and providing support.
Tendons: Tendons are tough bands of connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. When muscles contract, tendons transmit the pulling force to the bones, causing movement.
Questions: Explain antagonism in muscle action selecting biceps and triceps as example
Answer: Antagonism in muscle action is the coordination of muscles in pairs to perform opposite movements at a joint. An example of antagonism is the action of the biceps and triceps muscles in the arm.
Biceps: The biceps is a flexor muscle located on the front of the upper arm. When it contracts, it bends the elbow joint, causing flexion.
Triceps: The triceps is an extensor muscle located on the back of the upper arm. When it contracts, it straightens the elbow joint, causing extension.
Paralysis can disrupt this antagonistic action. For example, if the nerves controlling the biceps are paralyzed, the person might lose the ability to flex their elbow, leading to a lack of movement in that joint.
Question: Differentiate between cartilage and bone.
Answer: Differentiate between cartilage and bone
Cartilage: Cartilage is a dense, clear blue-white firm connective tissue that is less strong than bone. It contains chondrocytes, which are its living cells, embedded within a matrix. Cartilage does not have blood vessels and is less mineralized compared to bone.
Bone: Bone is the hardest connective tissue in the body. It consists of cells called osteocytes embedded within a matrix that contains collagen fibers and minerals such as calcium and phosphate. Bones are highly vascular and have a dynamic structure capable of growth, repair, and remodeling.
Question: What is the role of skeleton in support and movement?
Answer: Role of skeleton in support and movement
The skeletal system plays a vital role in providing support and facilitating movement in organisms. It serves as the framework that holds the body together and maintains its shape. The bones provide attachment points for muscles, allowing them to exert forces and generate movement. Additionally, the skeletal system protects vital organs, such as the brain, spinal cord, and internal organs. It also acts as a reservoir for minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, which are essential for various bodily functions.
Question: How would you differentiate between osteoporosis and arthritis?
Answer: Osteoporosis and arthritis are both disorders that affect the skeletal system, but they have distinct differences in terms of their causes, symptoms, and effects on the body.
Osteoporosis
Definition: Osteoporosis is a bone disease that primarily affects adults, especially the elderly population, and is more common in older women.
Cause: Osteoporosis is characterized by a decrease in bone density due to the loss of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. This can be caused by factors like malnutrition (lack of proteins and Vitamin C), lack of physical activity, and deficiency of estrogen hormone.
Hormonal Influence: Estrogen plays a role in depositing minerals in bones. In postmenopausal women, the decrease in estrogen secretion can contribute to reduced bone mineralization.
Consequence: Osteoporosis weakens bones, making them more prone to fractures and breaks. The bones become porous and fragile.
Gender Prevalence: It is more common in women, especially after menopause.
Arthritis
Definition: Arthritis refers to inflammation in joints, which can lead to pain and stiffness in the affected joints.
Types: There are several types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout.
Symptoms: Common symptoms of arthritis include pain, swelling, and reduced mobility in the joints, particularly weight-bearing joints like hips and ankles.
Osteoarthritis: This type of arthritis is characterized by degeneration of the cartilage in joints or decreased production of joint lubricants. It can lead to bone fusion at the joint and limited mobility.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: This involves inflammation of the membranes at joints. It is associated with symptoms such as fatigue, low-grade fever, and pain and stiffness in joints.
Gout: Gout is marked by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in movable joints, often affecting the toe joints.
Gender Prevalence: Arthritis is also common in older adults, especially women. However, it can affect people of various ages.
In summary, osteoporosis primarily involves a decrease in bone density and mineral content, leading to weakened bones, while arthritis is characterized by inflammation in joints that causes pain, swelling, and reduced joint mobility. It’s important to note that both conditions can impact older individuals, particularly women, but they have distinct underlying causes and effects on the skeletal system.