Welcome to the 10th class biology, where we unravel the fascinating mechanisms of Coordination and Control in living organisms. In this chapter, we will delve into the intricacies of communication within the body, exploring the remarkable systems that enable organisms to respond to stimuli, maintain balance, and coordinate their actions with incredible precision.
From the brain’s complex network to the efficient transmission of signals through the nervous system, we will embark on a captivating journey that unveils the secrets behind how living beings manage to harmoniously interact with their environment. So, fasten your seatbelts as we embark on this exciting exploration of Coordination and Control, uncovering the wonders that govern the living world around us.
Unit 12 Coordination and Control Long Questions
Unit 12 Coordination and Control MCQ’s
- 10th Class Pak Study Textbook
- 9th and 10th Class General Science Textbook
- Chapter No. 9 Notes 10th Chemistry
- Biology 10th Class Past Papers
- English Past Papers of 10th Class
Unit 12 Coordination and Control Short Questions
How do tissues and organs in multicellular organisms work together?
Answer: Tissues and organs in multicellular organisms work together and coordinate their activities to perform various tasks for the whole body. This coordination enables the organism to respond to changes in the external environment.
Give an example of coordination in the human body during movement.
Answer: An example of coordination during movement is when a boy runs to catch a ball. His nervous system coordinates the hundreds of muscles involved in moving his arms, legs, and back, ensuring they contract in the correct sequence, power, and length of time.
What are the two types of coordination in organisms?
Answer: The two types of coordination in organisms are nervous coordination, which is brought about by the nervous system, and chemical coordination, which is brought about by the endocrine system.
Define the term “stimulus.”
Answer: A stimulus is any change in the environment, either external or internal, that can provoke a response in an organism. Examples of stimuli include touch, light, heat, cold, pressure, sound waves, and the presence of chemicals.
What are receptors in the context of coordination?
Answer: Receptors are special organs, tissues, or cells in the body that detect specific types of stimuli. For example, ears detect sound waves, eyes detect light, and the nose detects chemicals in the air.
Which organs act as coordinators in nervous coordination and chemical coordination?
Answer: In nervous coordination, the brain and spinal cord act as coordinators, receiving information from receptors and sending messages through neurons in the form of nerve impulses. In chemical coordination, various endocrine glands act as coordinators, receiving information and sending messages by secreting specific hormones into the bloodstream.
What are effectors in the context of coordination?
Answer: Effectors are the parts of the body that receive messages from coordinators and produce specific responses. In nervous coordination, muscles and glands act as effectors, while in chemical coordination, target tissues respond to hormones secreted by the endocrine glands.
How do responses differ between nervous coordination and chemical coordination?
Answer: Nervous coordination produces immediate but short-lived responses, whereas chemical coordination produces slow but long-lasting responses.
What types of coordination do animals and plants have in their bodies?
Answer: Animals have both nervous and chemical coordination systems in their bodies, while plants and other organisms have only chemical coordination.
What are the two major components of the nervous system in humans and higher animals?
Answer: The two major components of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
What does the central nervous system comprise, and what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
Answer: The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that arise from the central nervous system and spread throughout different parts of the body.
What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
Answer: The basic unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell or neuron.
What are the two types of processes extending from the nerve cell body, and what are their functions?
Answer: The two types of processes extending from the nerve cell body are dendrites and axons. Dendrites conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body, while axons conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body.
What are the three types of neurons based on their functions, and what do they do?
Answer: The three types of neurons based on their functions are:
a. Sensory neurons: They conduct sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system.
b. Interneurons: They form the brain and spinal cord, receiving and interpreting information and stimulating motor neurons.
c. Motor neurons: They carry information from interneurons to muscles or glands (effectors) to produce a response.
What does the central nervous system consist of?
Answer: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
What are the three major regions in the human brain?
Answer: The three major regions in the human brain are the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
What are the important parts of the forebrain?
Answer: The important parts of the forebrain include the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum.
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Answer: The medulla oblongata controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
How many pairs of cranial nerves and spinal nerves do humans have?
Answer: Humans have 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
Answer: The autonomic nervous system controls activities that are not under conscious control, such as cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and gland functions. It includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Answer: The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for emergency situations (fight or flight response), while the parasympathetic nervous system works to restore normal body functions after stress ends.
What are the two types of actions (responses) that result when the central nervous system sends impulses to muscles and glands?
Answer: The two types of actions are conscious or voluntary actions and involuntary actions.
What is a reflex action?
Answer: A reflex action is an involuntary response produced by the central nervous system in response to a stimulus. It is a quick and automatic response that does not involve conscious control.
What is the pathway followed by nerve impulses for producing a reflex action called?
Answer: The pathway followed by nerve impulses for producing a reflex action is called a reflex arc.
Provide an example of a reflex action.
Answer: The withdrawal of the hand after touching a hot object is a common example of a reflex action.
Which part of the body acts as a coordinator during a reflex action?
Answer: The spinal cord acts as a coordinator during a reflex action.
What are the main sense organs or receptors in humans?
Answer: The main sense organs or receptors in humans are eyes, ears, nose, taste buds, and receptors of touch, heat, and cold.
What is the function of the cornea in the human eye?
Answer: The cornea admits light to the interior of the eye and bends light rays so that they can be brought to a focus.
How is the size of the pupil in the eye adjusted based on light conditions?
Answer: The size of the pupil is adjusted by the muscles of the iris. The pupil constricts in bright light when the circular muscles of the iris contract, and it dilates in dim light when the radial muscles of the iris contract.
What is the function of the ciliary muscles in the eye?
Answer: The ciliary muscles in the eye are responsible for changing the shape of the lens. When they contract, the lens becomes more convex, and when they relax, the lens becomes less convex.
Which part of the eye is responsible for color vision and sharpness?
Answer: The fovea, which is a dip in the retina and densely packed with cone cells, is responsible for color vision and sharpness.
What is the function of rods and cones in the retina?
Answer: Rods are responsible for vision in dim light, while cones are responsible for vision in bright light and distinguishing different colors.
What is the main cause of myopia (short-sightedness)?
Answer: Myopia is caused by the elongation of the eyeball, resulting in the image of distant objects being formed in front of the retina.
How does the process of hearing work in the ear?
Answer: The pinna of the external ear directs sound waves into the auditory canal. The sound waves strike the eardrum, causing vibrations. These vibrations are transmitted through the middle ear ossicles to the oval window and then to the fluid-filled cochlea. Receptor cells in the cochlea are stimulated, generating a nerve impulse that travels to the brain and is interpreted as sound.
What helps maintain the balance of the body and detects head movement and changes in body posture?
Answer: The semicircular canals and vestibule help maintain the balance of the body. Semicircular canals detect head movement, while the vestibule detects changes in body posture.
What are the chemicals used by the endocrine system to communicate with its effectors?
Answer: Hormones are the chemicals used by the endocrine system to communicate with its effectors.
Which gland in the body produces growth hormone and influences the secretions of other endocrine glands?
Answer: The pituitary gland produces growth hormone and influences the secretions of other endocrine glands.
What is the function of insulin and glucagon, and which organ produces them?
Answer: Insulin and glucagon are hormones produced by the pancreas. Insulin helps the liver take excess glucose from the blood, reducing blood glucose concentration, while glucagon influences the liver to release glucose in the blood, increasing blood glucose concentration.
What hormone is responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics, and where is it produced?
Answer: Testosterone is the hormone responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics. It is produced by the testes (male gonads).
What are feedback mechanisms, and what are the two types of feedback?
Answer: Feedback mechanisms are processes that regulate a system by using the output of that system. There are two types of feedback: positive feedback, where the changes resulting from a process increase the rate of that process, and negative feedback, where the output of a process decreases or inhibits the process to return a condition to its normal value.
Give an example of negative feedback in the endocrine system.
Answer: An example of negative feedback in the endocrine system is the regulation of blood glucose concentration. When blood glucose concentration rises, the pancreas secretes insulin, which decreases the blood glucose concentration. Conversely, when blood glucose concentration drops below normal, the pancreas secretes glucagon, which raises the blood glucose concentration.
Explain what paralysis is and its primary cause.
Answer: Paralysis is the complete loss of function in one or more muscle groups. It is most often caused by damage to the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord). The damage may result from conditions like stroke, blood clotting in brain or spinal cord blood vessels, or poisoning by polio viruses.
What is epilepsy, and how does it manifest in patients?
Answer: Epilepsy is a nervous disorder characterized by abnormal and excessive discharge of nerve impulses in the brain, leading to unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a temporary abnormal state of the brain marked by convulsions. Epilepsy can occur due to genetic or developmental causes in younger people and may be caused by brain tumors or head trauma in older individuals.
Is there a known cure for epilepsy, and how is it treated?
Answer: Currently, there is no known cure for epilepsy. However, seizures can be controlled with medication. Anticonvulsant or antiepileptic drugs are prescribed to patients with epilepsy to control and prevent seizures. Patients need to take these medications daily for effective management of the condition.
Question: Explain what can happen if there is no coordination in the activities of organisms.
Without coordination in the activities of organisms, there would be a lack of efficient and effective responses to stimuli in the environment. Coordination is essential for organisms to function as a single unit and respond appropriately to changes in their surroundings. Here are some consequences of a lack of coordination:
Inefficient responses: Without coordination, different parts of the organism might respond independently, leading to conflicting actions or no actions at all. This inefficiency could hinder the organism’s ability to adapt to changes in its environment.
Conflicting actions: The lack of coordination could lead to conflicting responses from different parts of the organism. For example, in humans, if the nervous system does not coordinate muscle movements properly, it might lead to impaired motor skills and difficulties in performing basic tasks.
Reduced survival chances: Coordination is vital for survival. Organisms need to respond quickly and appropriately to danger or opportunities. Without coordination, the ability to escape from predators or capture prey may be compromised, reducing the organism’s chances of survival.
Ineffective use of resources: Coordination ensures that resources, such as energy and nutrients, are allocated efficiently to different parts of the organism based on their needs. A lack of coordination might lead to wasteful or inadequate resource allocation.
Disrupted physiological processes: Many physiological processes in organisms are intricately interconnected and regulated. Without proper coordination, these processes might become dysregulated, leading to various health issues or even organ failure.
Inability to adapt to changing conditions: Coordination allows organisms to respond and adapt to changing environmental conditions. Without it, organisms may struggle to adjust to new challenges or opportunities, reducing their chances of survival and reproduction.
In summary, coordination is crucial for the smooth functioning and survival of organisms. It ensures that different parts of the organism work together harmoniously to respond appropriately to stimuli and maintain homeostasis in a dynamic environment.
Question: Explain the location and function of these parts of brain; cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, thalamus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata.
Parts of the Brain and their Functions
a. Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest and most highly developed part of the brain, comprising the outermost layer known as the cerebral cortex. It is responsible for higher mental functions, including conscious thought, voluntary muscle movements, sensory perception, language processing, and memory.
b. Cerebellum: The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain, beneath the cerebrum. It is primarily involved in coordinating and fine-tuning muscle movements, balance, posture, and motor skills.
c. Pituitary Gland: The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus. It is often referred to as the “master gland” because it plays a vital role in regulating and controlling the release of hormones that affect various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response.
d. Thalamus: The thalamus is situated above the brainstem and acts as a relay station for sensory information. It receives sensory input from various parts of the body, processes it, and then sends it to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for further interpretation and response.
e. Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is a small but essential part of the brain located just below the thalamus. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
f. Medulla Oblongata: The medulla oblongata is the lowermost part of the brainstem, connecting the brain to the spinal cord. It controls vital involuntary functions, such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and reflex actions like coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.
Question: Define neuron and describe the structure of a general neuron.
Neuron and its Structure
A neuron is a specialized cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. Neurons are responsible for transmitting and processing information through electrical and chemical signals. They have a unique structure that enables them to perform their functions effectively:
a. Cell Body (Soma): The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles essential for the neuron’s metabolic functions.
b. Dendrites: Dendrites are branched extensions that receive incoming signals from other neurons or sensory receptors and transmit them towards the cell body.
c. Axon: The axon is a long, thin fiber that carries the electrical signal (nerve impulse) away from the cell body to communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands.
d. Myelin Sheath: Some axons are covered by a myelin sheath, which is a fatty insulating layer that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses.
e. Axon Terminal: At the end of the axon, there are small branches called axon terminals that release neurotransmitters, which help transmit signals to other neurons or target cells.
Question: Describe the structure of human eye.
Structure of the Human Eye
The human eye is a complex sensory organ responsible for vision. Its main components include:
a. Sclera: The sclera is the tough, white, outer layer of the eye that helps maintain its shape and protects the inner structures.
b. Cornea: The cornea is a clear, dome-shaped structure at the front of the eye that allows light to enter and helps focus it onto the retina.
c. Iris: The iris is the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It controls the size of the pupil and regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
d. Pupil: The pupil is the black circular opening in the center of the iris that allows light to reach the lens.
e. Lens: The lens is a flexible, transparent structure located behind the pupil. It focuses light onto the retina.
f. Retina: The retina is the innermost layer of the eye, containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that convert light into electrical signals.
g. Optic Nerve: The optic nerve carries these electrical signals from the retina to the brain for visual processing.
h. Vitreous Humor: The vitreous humor is a gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina, providing shape and support to the eye.
Question: How would you describe the structure of the external, middle and inner ear of man?
Structure of the External, Middle, and Inner Ear
The human ear is responsible for both hearing and balance. Its structure consists of three main parts:
a. External Ear: The external ear includes the visible part known as the pinna, which funnels sound waves into the ear canal (auditory canal).
b. Middle Ear: The middle ear contains three small bones known as ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes). These bones transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.
c. Inner Ear: The inner ear includes the cochlea, which is responsible for hearing, and the semicircular canals, which are essential for balance and orientation.
Question: What are short sight and long sight problems and how these can be treated?
Short Sight and Long Sight Problems and their Treatments
a. Short Sight (Myopia): In myopia, the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it. This results in distant objects appearing blurry while near objects are clear.
Treatment: Myopia can be corrected using concave lenses, which diverge light before it enters the eye, allowing the image to focus correctly on the retina.
b. Long Sight (Hypermetropia): In hypermetropia, the eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat, causing light to focus behind the retina instead of directly on it. This leads to difficulty in seeing nearby objects clearly.
Treatment: Hypermetropia can be corrected using convex lenses, which converge light before it enters the eye, allowing the image to focus correctly on the retina.
Question: Explain the role of ear in the maintenance of balance.
Role of the Ear in the Maintenance of Balance
- The ear plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and equilibrium through the vestibular system. The inner ear contains the vestibular apparatus, which includes the vestibule and the semicircular canals.
- When the head moves or changes position, the fluid in the semicircular canals moves accordingly, stimulating hair cells that send signals to the brain about the body’s movement and position. This information allows the brain to adjust muscle contractions and maintain balance.
Question: Relate the contribution of Ibn-al-Haitham and Al-Ibn-Isa with knowledge about the structure of eye and treatment of various ophthalmic diseases.
Contributions of Ibn al-Haytham and Ibn al-Isa to the Knowledge about the Eye and Ophthalmic Diseases:
Ibn al-Haytham, also known as Alhazen, was an Arab scientist considered the father of optics. In his book “Book of Optics,” he made significant contributions to the understanding of vision, light, and the behavior of light rays. He described the process of sight, the structure of the eye, and image formation in the eye.
Ibn al-Isa, also known as Jesu Haly, was a famous Arab ophthalmologist who wrote three books on ophthalmology, describing over 130 eye diseases and their treatments using various drugs and techniques.
Question: Outline the major glands of the endocrine system (pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, gonads), with name of their hormones and their functions.
Major glands of the endocrine system, their hormones, and functions:
Pituitary gland
Hormones: Growth hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin, Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Functions: GH regulates growth and metabolism, TSH stimulates the thyroid gland, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex, FSH and LH control the gonads and reproductive functions, Prolactin stimulates milk production, Oxytocin controls uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding, ADH regulates water balance.
Thyroid gland
Hormones: Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin.
Functions: T4 and T3 regulate metabolism, growth, and development, Calcitonin regulates calcium levels in the blood by promoting its deposition in bones.
Pancreas
Hormones: Insulin, Glucagon.
Functions: Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake in cells, Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by promoting glucose release from the liver.
Adrenal glands:
Hormones: Cortisol, Aldosterone, Epinephrine (Adrenaline), Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline).
Functions: Cortisol regulates metabolism and helps the body respond to stress, Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels, Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are involved in the body’s “fight or flight” response, preparing the body for emergency situations.
Gonads (Testes in males, Ovaries in females)
Hormones (Males): Testosterone.
Hormones (Females): Estrogen, Progesterone.
Functions: Testosterone promotes male sexual characteristics and sperm production, Estrogen and Progesterone regulate female reproductive functions and menstrual cycle.
Question: Describe negative feedback with reference to insulin and glucagon.
Negative feedback with reference to insulin and glucagon
Negative feedback is a regulatory mechanism used by the body to maintain stability and homeostasis. In the case of insulin and glucagon, they are hormones produced by the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.
When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, where it is used for energy or stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. This causes blood glucose levels to decrease.
On the other hand, when blood glucose levels drop, such as between meals or during physical activity, the pancreas releases glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels.
The negative feedback loop works as follows
- Increased blood glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin.
- Insulin promotes glucose uptake and utilization, causing blood glucose levels to decrease.
- Decreased blood glucose levels inhibit the release of insulin and stimulate the release of glucagon.
- Glucagon triggers the release of glucose from the liver, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels.
- This process continues, with insulin and glucagon working in opposition to each other, to maintain blood glucose levels within a relatively narrow range.
Question: Explain how adrenaline may be involved in exercise and emergency conditions.
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys. Adrenaline plays a crucial role in the body’s “fight or flight” response, which prepares the body to cope with stressful situations, exercise, or emergency conditions.
In Exercise:
During physical activity, such as exercise or intense physical exertion, the body’s demand for energy increases. Adrenaline is released into the bloodstream in response to signals from the brain, sympathetic nervous system, or physical stress. Adrenaline triggers a series of physiological changes that help the body meet the increased energy demands:
- Increased Heart Rate: Adrenaline increases heart rate, ensuring that oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the muscles at a faster rate.
- Dilated Airways: Adrenaline relaxes the smooth muscles around the airways, allowing for increased oxygen intake.
- Increased Blood Flow to Muscles: Adrenaline redirects blood flow from less essential organs (e.g., digestive system) to the muscles, enhancing physical performance.
- Release of Energy Reserves: Adrenaline stimulates the release of glucose and fats from energy stores to fuel the muscles.
- Heightened Mental Alertness: Adrenaline enhances focus and alertness, helping individuals perform better during exercise.
In Emergency Conditions:
In response to a threatening or dangerous situation, adrenaline prepares the body for a rapid and efficient response to protect itself. This “fight or flight” response is crucial for survival and involves the following changes:
- Heightened Awareness: Adrenaline increases alertness and sensory perception, allowing individuals to respond quickly to potential threats.
- Rapid Heartbeat: Adrenaline accelerates heart rate, pumping more blood to vital organs and muscles to support quick and forceful actions.
- Increased Strength and Endurance: Adrenaline mobilizes energy reserves, providing the body with a surge of power and stamina.
- Dilated Pupils: Adrenaline widens the pupils, improving vision in low-light conditions and increasing peripheral vision to detect potential dangers.
- Suppressed Non-Essential Functions: Adrenaline decreases blood flow to non-essential organs like the digestive system, reducing digestion and non-essential processes to focus on immediate survival.
Overall, adrenaline plays a critical role in helping the body respond quickly and effectively to exercise and emergency situations, enabling individuals to cope with stress and protect themselves when faced with challenging circumstances.
Question: Enlist the important symptoms and treatments of paralysis and epilepsy.
Symptoms and Treatments of Paralysis and Epilepsy
Paralysis Symptoms
- Complete loss of function in one or more muscle groups.
Weakness or loss of movement in the affected area.
Paralysis may occur on one side of the body (hemiplegia) or affect the lower extremities or all four limbs (quadriplegia).
Paralysis is often caused by damage to the central nervous system, which can result from stroke, blood clotting in brain or spinal cord blood vessels, or poison produced by polio viruses.
Paralysis Treatment
- Treatment of paralysis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.
- Physical therapy is crucial to help patients regain strength and improve mobility in the affected muscles.
- Occupational therapy may be used to assist patients in relearning everyday tasks and improving their independence.
- Medications can be prescribed to manage pain and muscle spasms.
- In some cases, surgery may be required to address the underlying cause of paralysis, such as decompressing the spinal cord in cases of spinal stenosis.
- Assistive devices like braces, canes, or wheelchairs may be necessary to enhance mobility and support daily activities.
Epilepsy Symptoms
- Abnormal and excessive discharge of nerve impulses in the brain.
- Unprovoked seizures, which are sudden, temporary abnormal states of the brain marked by convulsions.
- Seizure types can vary, including generalized seizures (affecting both sides of the brain) and focal seizures (originating in specific brain regions).
Epilepsy Treatment
- There is no known cure for epilepsy, but the condition can often be managed effectively with medications.
- Anticonvulsant or antiepileptic drugs are prescribed to control and prevent seizures.
- In some cases, epilepsy surgery may be considered if the seizures are not adequately controlled with medications and the source of abnormal brain activity is localized and can be safely removed.
- Other treatment options for epilepsy include vagus nerve stimulation, which involves implanting a device that stimulates the vagus nerve to reduce seizures, and ketogenic diet in some cases of drug-resistant epilepsy.
It is important for individuals experiencing symptoms of paralysis or epilepsy to seek medical attention promptly for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The field of neuroscience has made significant advancements in understanding and managing nervous system disorders, leading to improved outcomes for patients with these conditions.